Plate node configurations and operations for a memory array

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and devices for plate node configurations and operations for a memory array are described. A single plate node of a memory array may be coupled to multiple rows or columns of memory cells (e.g., ferroelectric memory cells) in a deck of memory cells. The single plate node may perform the functions of multiple plate nodes. The number of contacts to couple the single plate node to the substrate may be less than the number of contacts to couple multiple plate nodes to the substrate. Connectors or sockets in a memory array with a single plate node may define a size that is less than a size of the connectors or sockets with multiple plate nodes. In some examples, a single plate node of the memory array may be coupled to multiple lines of a memory cells in multiple decks of memory cells.

CROSS REFERENCE

The present application for patent claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/504,299 by Vimercati, entitled“Plate Node Configurations and Operations for a Memory Array,” filed May10, 2017assigned to the assignee hereof, and is expressly incorporatedby reference in its entirety herein.

BACKGROUND

The following relates generally to plate node configurations andoperations for a memory array and more specifically plate nodeconfigurations in a memory array.

Memory devices are widely used to store information in variouselectronic devices such as computers, wireless communication devices,cameras, digital displays, and the like. Information is stored byprograming different states of a memory device. For example, binarydevices have two states, often denoted by a logic “1” or a logic “0.” Inother systems, more than two states may be stored. To access the storedinformation, a component of the electronic device may read, or sense,the stored state in the memory device. To store information, a componentof the electronic device may write, or program, the state in the memorydevice.

Various types of memory devices exist, including magnetic hard disks,random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM),synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM(MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase change memory (PCM),and others. Memory devices may be volatile or non-volatile. Non-volatilememory, e.g., FeRAM, may maintain their stored logic state for extendedperiods of time even in the absence of an external power source.Volatile memory devices, e.g., DRAM, may lose their stored state overtime unless they are periodically refreshed by an external power source.FeRAM may use similar device architectures as volatile memory but mayhave non-volatile properties due to the use of a ferroelectric capacitoras a storage device. FeRAM devices may thus have improved performancecompared to other non-volatile and volatile memory devices.

Improving memory devices, generally, may include increasing memory celldensity, increasing read/write speeds, increasing reliability,increasing data retention, reducing power consumption, or reducingmanufacturing costs, among other metrics. Three-dimensional arrays maybe desirable for addressing these issues, but benefits may be hamperedby replicating two-dimensional architecture features, such as plate lineconfigurations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a memory array that supports plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a circuit that supports plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of hysteresis curves that support platenode configurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example of a first cross-section view of a memoryarray that supports plate node configurations and operations for amemory array in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example of a second cross-section view of thememory array of FIG. 4A that supports plate node configurations andoperations for a memory array in accordance with embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 4C illustrates an example of a connector that supports plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5A illustrates an example of a memory array that supports platenode configurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5B illustrates an example of a connector that supports plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates examples of memory arrays that support plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a timing diagram that supports platenode configurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a circuit that supports plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 9 through 10 show block diagrams of a device that supports platenode configurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of a system including a memorycontroller that supports plate node configurations and operations for amemory array in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 12 through 13 illustrate methods for plate node configurations andoperations for a memory array in accordance with embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In a memory array a single plate node may be coupled to memory cellsassociated with multiple digit lines in the array. A quantity of platenodes within an array may thus be reduced relative to alternativearchitectures. In some examples, a single plate node may be coupled tomemory cells associated with multiple decks of the memory array. Unlikea two-dimensional architecture, for example, multiple decks of an arraymay be accessed using a common plate node.

By way of example, in some memory arrays, multiple decks of memory cellsmay be positioned above a substrate. The substrate may include varioussupport components used to operate the memory array including, forexample, decoders, amplifiers, drivers, etc. When an upper deck ofmemory cells is stacked on top of a lower deck of memory cells, contactsfor the components of the upper deck may pass through spaces that couldbe used for components of the lower deck of memory cells. As such, spacein the memory array may be allocated to connectors or sockets thatcouple the plate lines and other components to the substrate.

A single plate node of a memory array may be coupled to multiple linesof memory cells in a memory cells. In some examples, the single platenode may be common to memory cells in the same section, same tile, samedeck, or even memory cells in multiple decks. In such examples, a singleplate node may perform the functions of multiple plate nodes. The numberof contacts to couple the single plate node to the substrate may be lessthan the number of contacts to couple multiple plate nodes to thesubstrate. Connectors or sockets in a memory array with a single platenode may define a size that is less than a size of the connectors orsockets with multiple plate nodes. In some examples, a single platenodes of the memory array may be coupled to multiple lines of a memorycells in multiple decks of memory cells.

Features of the disclosure introduced above are further described belowin the context of FIGS. 1-13. The features of the disclosure areillustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams,system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to plate configurations andoperations for a memory array.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example memory array 100 in accordance withvarious embodiments of the present disclosure. Memory array 100 may alsobe referred to as an electronic memory apparatus. Memory array 100includes memory cells 105 that are programmable to store differentstates. Each memory cell 105 may be programmable to store two states,denoted as a logic 0 and a logic 1. In some cases, memory cell 105 isconfigured to store more than two logic states. A memory cell 105 maystore a charge representative of the programmable states in a capacitor;for example, a charged and uncharged capacitor may represent two logicstates, respectively. DRAM architectures may commonly use such a design,and the capacitor employed may include a dielectric material with linearor para-electric electric polarization properties as the insulator. Bycontrast, a ferroelectric memory cell may include a capacitor with aferroelectric as the insulating material. Different levels of charge ofa ferroelectric capacitor may represent different logic states.Ferroelectric materials have non-linear polarization properties; somedetails and advantages of a ferroelectric memory cell 105 are discussedbelow.

Memory array 100 may be a three-dimensional (3D) memory array, wheretwo-dimensional (2D) memory arrays are formed on top of one another.This may increase the number of memory cells that may formed on a singledie or substrate as compared with 2D arrays, which in turn may reduceproduction costs or increase the performance of the memory array, orboth. According to the example depicted in FIG. 1, memory array 100includes two levels of memory cells 105 and may thus be considered athree-dimensional memory array; however, the number of levels is notlimited to two. Each level may be aligned or positioned so that memorycells 105 may be approximately aligned with one another across eachlevel, forming a memory cell stack 145.

Each row of memory cells 105 is connected to an access line 110, andeach column of memory cells 105 is connected to a bit line 115. Accesslines 110 and bit lines 115 may be substantially perpendicular to oneanother to create an array. In addition, each row of memory cells 105may be coupled to plate lines (not shown). As used herein, the termsplate node, plate line, or simply plate may be used interchangeably. Asshown in FIG. 1, each memory cell 105 in a memory cell stack 145 may becoupled to separate conductive lines such as bit lines 115. In otherexamples (not shown), two memory cells 105 in a memory cell stack 145may share a common conductive line such as a bit line 115. That is, abit line 115 may be in electronic communication with the bottomelectrode of the upper memory cell 105 and the top electrode of thelower memory cell 105. Other configurations may be possible, forexample, a third deck may share an access line 110 with a lower deck. Ingeneral, one memory cell 105 may be located at the intersection of twoconductive lines such as an access line 110 and a bit line 115. Thisintersection may be referred to as a memory cell's address. A targetmemory cell 105 may be a memory cell 105 located at the intersection ofan energized access line 110 and bit line 115; that is, access line 110and bit line 115 may be energized in order to read or write a memorycell 105 at their intersection. Other memory cells 105 that are inelectronic communication with (e.g., connected to) the same access line110 or bit line 115 may be referred to as untargeted memory cells 105.

As discussed above, electrodes may be coupled to a memory cell 105 andan access line 110 or a bit line 115. The term electrode may refer to anelectrical conductor, and in some cases, may be employed as anelectrical contact to a memory cell 105. An electrode may include atrace, wire, conductive line, conductive layer, or the like thatprovides a conductive path between elements or components of memoryarray 100.

Operations such as reading and writing may be performed on memory cells105 by activating or selecting access line 110 and digit line 115.Access lines 110 may also be known as word lines 110, and bit lines 115may also be known digit lines 115. In some examples, the term accessline may refer to word lines, bit lines, digit lines, or plate lines.References to word lines and bit lines, or their analogues, areinterchangeable without loss of understanding or operation. Activatingor selecting a word line 110 or a digit line 115 may include applying avoltage to the respective line. Word lines 110 and digit lines 115 maybe made of conductive materials such as metals (e.g., copper (Cu),aluminum (Al), gold (Au), tungsten (W), etc.), metal alloys, carbon,conductively-doped semiconductors, or other conductive materials,alloys, compounds, or the like.

In some architectures, the logic storing device of a cell, e.g., acapacitor, may be electrically isolated from the digit line by aselection component. The word line 110 may be connected to and maycontrol the selection component. For example, the selection componentmay be a transistor and the word line 110 may be connected to the gateof the transistor. Activating the word line 110 results in an electricalconnection or closed circuit between the capacitor of a memory cell 105and its corresponding digit line 115. The digit line may then beaccessed to either read or write the memory cell 105. Upon selecting amemory cell 105, the resulting signal may be used to determine thestored logic state.

Accessing memory cells 105 may be controlled through a row decoder 120and a column decoder 130. For example, a row decoder 120 may receive arow address from the memory controller 140 and activate the appropriateword line 110 based on the received row address. Similarly, a columndecoder 130 receives a column address from the memory controller 140 andactivates the appropriate digit line 115. For example, memory array 100may include multiple word lines 110, and multiple digit lines 115. Thus,by activating a word line 110 and a digit line 115, the memory cell 105at their intersection may be accessed. As is described in more detailbelow, by coupling a single plate to multiple lines (e.g., rows orcolumns) of memory cells, the access operations to the memory cells maybe modified. For example, during an idle period the plate line and thedigit line of a memory cell may be maintained at a non-zero voltage. Inanother example, during an access operation, digit lines coupled tounselected memory cells may be selectively coupled to the plate tomitigate unwanted transient voltages.

Upon accessing, a memory cell 105 may be read, or sensed, by sensecomponent 125 to determine the stored state of the memory cell 105. Forexample, after accessing the memory cell 105, the ferroelectriccapacitor of memory cell 105 may discharge onto its corresponding digitline 115. Discharging the ferroelectric capacitor may result frombiasing, or applying a voltage, to the ferroelectric capacitor. Thedischarging may cause a change in the voltage of the digit line 115,which sense component 125 may compare to a reference voltage (not shown)in order to determine the stored state of the memory cell 105. Exemplaryaccess operations for ferroelectric memory cells are described belowwith reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.

Sense component 125 may include various transistors or amplifiers inorder to detect and amplify a difference in the signals, which may bereferred to as latching. The detected logic state of memory cell 105 maythen be output through column decoder 130 as output 135. In some cases,sense component 125 may be part of a column decoder 130 or row decoder120. Or, sense component 125 may be connected to or in electroniccommunication with column decoder 130 or row decoder 120. As describedin more detail below, unselected memory cells may be shunted to theplate to mitigate unwanted transient voltages.

In some memory architectures, accessing the memory cell 105 may degradeor destroy the stored logic state and re-write or refresh operations maybe performed to return the original logic state to memory cell 105. InDRAM, for example, the capacitor may be partially or completelydischarged during a sense operation, corrupting the stored logic state.So the logic state may be re-written after a sense operation.Additionally, activating a single word line 110 may result in thedischarge of all memory cells in the row; thus, several or all memorycells 105 in the row may need to be re-written. But in non-volatilememory, such as an array that employs ferroelectrics, accessing thememory cell 105 may not destroy the logic state and, thus, the memorycell 105 may not require re-writing after accessing. In some examples,multiple levels of memory cells may be coupled to the same plate. Such aplate configuration may result in a smaller amount of area used toconnect higher levels memory cells to the substrate.

Some memory architectures, including DRAM, may lose their stored stateover time unless they are periodically refreshed by an external powersource. For example, a charged capacitor may become discharged over timethrough leakage currents, resulting in the loss of the storedinformation. The refresh rate of these so-called volatile memory devicesmay be relatively high, e.g., tens of refresh operations per second forDRAM arrays, which may result in significant power consumption. Withincreasingly larger memory arrays, increased power consumption mayinhibit the deployment or operation of memory arrays (e.g., powersupplies, heat generation, material limits, etc.), especially for mobiledevices that rely on a finite power source, such as a battery. Asdiscussed below, ferroelectric memory cells 105 may have beneficialproperties that may result in improved performance relative to othermemory architectures.

The memory controller 140 may control the operation (e.g., read, write,re-write, refresh, decharge, etc.) of memory cells 105 through thevarious components, for example, row decoder 120, column decoder 130,and sense component 125. In some cases, one or more of the row decoder120, column decoder 130, and sense component 125 may be co-located withthe memory controller 140. Memory controller 140 may generate row andcolumn address signals in order to activate the desired word line 110and digit line 115. Memory controller 140 may also generate and controlvarious voltages or currents used during the operation of memory array100. For example, it may apply discharge voltages to a word line 110 ordigit line 115 after accessing one or more memory cells 105. In general,the amplitude, shape, or duration of an applied voltage or currentdiscussed herein may be adjusted or varied and may be different for thevarious operations discussed in operating memory array 100. Furthermore,one, multiple, or all memory cells 105 within memory array 100 may beaccessed simultaneously; for example, multiple or all cells of memoryarray 100 may be accessed simultaneously during a reset operation inwhich all memory cells 105, or a group of memory cells 105, are set to asingle logic state.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example circuit 200 in accordance with variousembodiments of the present disclosure. Circuit 200 includes a memorycell 105-a, word line 110-a, digit line 115-a, and sense component125-a, which may be examples of a memory cell 105, word line 110, digitline 115, and sense component 125, respectively, as described withreference to FIG. 1. Memory cell 105-a may include a logic storagecomponent, such as capacitor 205 that has a first plate, cell plate 230,and a second plate, cell bottom 215. Cell plate 230 and cell bottom 215may be capacitively coupled through a ferroelectric material positionedbetween them. The orientation of cell plate 230 and cell bottom 215 maybe flipped without changing the operation of memory cell 105-a. Circuit200 also includes selection component 220 and reference line 225. Cellplate 230 may be accessed via plate line 210 and cell bottom 215 may beaccessed via digit line 115-a. In some cases, some memory cells 105-amay share access lines (e.g., digit lines, word lines, plate lines) withother memory cells. For example, a digit line 115-a may be shared withmemory cells 105-a in a same column, a word line 110-a may be sharedwith memory cells 105-a in the same row, and a plate line 210 may beshared with memory cells 105-a in the same section, tile, deck, or evenmultiple decks. As described above, various states may be stored bycharging or discharging the capacitor 205. In many examples, a connectoror socket may be used to couple digit lines 115-a or plate lines 210 ofupper level levels of memory cells to a substrate positioned below thearrays of memory cells. The size of the connector or socket may bemodified based on the configuration of the plate lines in the memoryarray.

The stored state of capacitor 205 may be read or sensed by operatingvarious elements represented in circuit 200. Capacitor 205 may be inelectronic communication with digit line 115-a. For example, capacitor205 can be isolated from digit line 115-a when selection component 220is deactivated, and capacitor 205 can be connected to digit line 115-awhen selection component 220 is activated. Activating selectioncomponent 220 may be referred to as selecting memory cell 105-a. In somecases, selection component 220 is a transistor and its operation iscontrolled by applying a voltage to the transistor gate, where thevoltage magnitude is greater than the threshold magnitude of thetransistor. Word line 110-a may activate the selection component 220;for example, a voltage applied to word line 110-a is applied to thetransistor gate, connecting capacitor 205 with digit line 115-a. As isdescribed in more detail below, the access operations (e.g., readoperation or write operation) may be modified based on the plateconfiguration of the memory array.

In other examples, the positions of selection component 220 andcapacitor 205 may be switched, such that selection component 220 isconnected between plate line 210 and cell plate 230 and such thatcapacitor 205 is between digit line 115-a and the other terminal ofselection component 220. In this embodiment, selection component 220 mayremain in electronic communication with digit line 115-a throughcapacitor 205. This configuration may be associated with alternativetiming and biasing for read and write operations.

Due to the ferroelectric material between the plates of capacitor 205,and as discussed in more detail below, capacitor 205 may not dischargeupon connection to digit line 115-a. In one scheme, to sense the logicstate stored by ferroelectric capacitor 205, word line 110-a may bebiased to select memory cell 105-a and a voltage may be applied to plateline 210. In some cases, digit line 115-a is virtually grounded and thenisolated from the virtual ground, which may be referred to as“floating,” prior to biasing the plate line 210 and word line 110-a.Biasing the plate line 210 may result in a voltage difference (e.g.,plate line 210 voltage minus digit line 115-a voltage) across capacitor205. The voltage difference may yield a change in the stored charge oncapacitor 205, where the magnitude of the change in stored charge maydepend on the initial state of capacitor 205—e.g., whether the initialstate stored a logic 1 or a logic 0. This may cause a change in thevoltage of digit line 115-a based on the charge stored on capacitor 205.Operation of memory cell 105-a by varying the voltage to cell plate 230may be referred to as “moving cell plate.” As is described in moredetail below, the access operations (e.g., read operation or writeoperation) may be modified based on the plate configuration of thememory array.

The change in voltage of digit line 115-a may depend on its intrinsiccapacitance. That is, as charge flows through digit line 115-a, somefinite charge may be stored in digit line 115-a and the resultingvoltage depends on the intrinsic capacitance. The intrinsic capacitancemay depend on physical characteristics, including the dimensions, ofdigit line 115-a. Digit line 115-a may connect many memory cells 105 sodigit line 115-a may have a length that results in a non-negligiblecapacitance (e.g., on the order of picofarads (pF)). The resultingvoltage of digit line 115-a may then be compared to a reference (e.g., avoltage of reference line 225) by sense component 125-a in order todetermine the stored logic state in memory cell 105-a. Other sensingprocesses may be used.

Sense component 125-a may include various transistors or amplifiers todetect and amplify a difference in signals, which may be referred to aslatching. Sense component 125-a may include a sense amplifier thatreceives and compares the voltage of digit line 115-a and reference line225, which may be a reference voltage. The sense amplifier output may bedriven to the higher (e.g., a positive) or lower (e.g., negative orground) supply voltage based on the comparison. For instance, if digitline 115-a has a higher voltage than reference line 225, then the senseamplifier output may be driven to a positive supply voltage. In somecases, the sense amplifier may additionally drive digit line 115-a tothe supply voltage. Sense component 125-a may then latch the output ofthe sense amplifier and/or the voltage of digit line 115-a, which may beused to determine the stored state in memory cell 105-a, e.g., logic 1.Alternatively, if digit line 115-a has a lower voltage than referenceline 225, the sense amplifier output may be driven to a negative orground voltage. Sense component 125-a may similarly latch the senseamplifier output to determine the stored state in memory cell 105-a,e.g., logic 0. The latched logic state of memory cell 105-a may then beoutput, for example, through column decoder 130 as output 135 withreference to FIG. 1.

To write memory cell 105-a, a voltage may be applied across capacitor205. Various methods may be used. In one example, selection component220 may be activated through word line 110-a in order to electricallyconnect capacitor 205 to digit line 115-a. A voltage may be appliedacross capacitor 205 by controlling the voltage of cell plate 230(through plate line 210) and cell bottom 215 (through digit line 115-a).To write a logic 0, cell plate 230 may be taken high, that is, apositive voltage may be applied to plate line 210, and cell bottom 215may be taken low, e.g., virtually grounding or applying a negativevoltage to digit line 115-a. The opposite process is performed to writea logic 1, where cell plate 230 is taken low and cell bottom 215 istaken high.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of non-linear electrical properties withhysteresis curves 300-a and 300-b for a ferroelectric memory cell thatis operated in accordance with various embodiments of the presentdisclosure. Hysteresis curves 300-a and 300-b illustrate an exampleferroelectric memory cell writing and reading process, respectively.Hysteresis curves 300-a and 300-b depict the charge, Q, stored on aferroelectric capacitor (e.g., capacitor 205 of FIG. 2) as a function ofa voltage difference, V.

A ferroelectric material is characterized by a spontaneous electricpolarization, i.e., it maintains a non-zero electric polarization in theabsence of an electric field. Example ferroelectric materials includebarium titanate (BaTiO3), lead titanate (PbTiO3), lead zirconiumtitanate (PZT), and strontium bismuth tantalate (SBT). The ferroelectriccapacitors described herein may include these or other ferroelectricmaterials. Electric polarization within a ferroelectric capacitorresults in a net charge at the ferroelectric material's surface andattracts opposite charge through the capacitor terminals. Thus, chargeis stored at the interface of the ferroelectric material and thecapacitor terminals. Because the electric polarization may be maintainedin the absence of an externally applied electric field for relativelylong times, even indefinitely, charge leakage may be significantlydecreased as compared with, for example, capacitors employed in DRAMarrays. This may reduce the need to perform refresh operations asdescribed above for some DRAM architectures.

Hysteresis curves 300-a and 300-b may be understood from the perspectiveof a single terminal of a capacitor. By way of example, if theferroelectric material has a negative polarization, positive chargeaccumulates at the terminal. Likewise, if the ferroelectric material hasa positive polarization, negative charge accumulates at the terminal.Additionally, it should be understood that the voltages in hysteresiscurves 300-a and 300-b represent a voltage difference across thecapacitor and are directional. For example, a positive voltage may berealized by applying a positive voltage to the terminal in question(e.g., a cell plate 230) and maintaining the second terminal (e.g., acell bottom 215) at ground (or approximately zero volts (0V)). Anegative voltage may be applied by maintaining the terminal in questionat ground and applying a positive voltage to the second terminal—i.e.,positive voltages may be applied to negatively polarize the terminal inquestion. Similarly, two positive voltages, two negative voltages, orany combination of positive and negative voltages may be applied to theappropriate capacitor terminals to generate the voltage difference shownin hysteresis curves 300-a and 300-b.

As depicted in hysteresis curve 300-a, the ferroelectric material maymaintain a positive or negative polarization with a zero voltagedifference, resulting in two possible charged states: charge state 305and charge state 310. According to the example of FIG. 3, charge state305 represents a logic 0 and charge state 310 represents a logic 1. Insome examples, the logic values of the respective charge states may bereversed to accommodate other schemes for operating a memory cell.

A logic 0 or 1 may be written to the memory cell by controlling theelectric polarization of the ferroelectric material, and thus the chargeon the capacitor terminals, by applying voltage. For example, applying anet positive voltage 315 across the capacitor results in chargeaccumulation until charge state 305-a is reached. Upon removing voltage315, charge state 305-a follows path 320 until it reaches charge state305 at zero voltage. Similarly, charge state 310 is written by applyinga net negative voltage 325, which results in charge state 310-a. Afterremoving negative voltage 325, charge state 310-a follows path 330 untilit reaches charge state 310 at zero voltage. Charge states 305-a and310-a may also be referred to as the remnant polarization (Pr) values,i.e., the polarization (or charge) that remains upon removing theexternal bias (e.g., voltage). The coercive voltage is the voltage atwhich the charge (or polarization) is zero.

To read, or sense, the stored state of the ferroelectric capacitor, avoltage may be applied across the capacitor. In response, the storedcharge, Q, changes, and the degree of the change depends on the initialcharge state—i.e., the final stored charge (Q) depends on whether chargestate 305-b or 310-b was initially stored. For example, hysteresis curve300-b illustrates two possible stored charge states 305-b and 310-b.Voltage 335 may be applied across the capacitor as discussed withreference to FIG. 2. In other cases, a fixed voltage may be applied tothe cell plate and, although depicted as a positive voltage, voltage 335may be negative. In response to voltage 335, charge state 305-b mayfollow path 340. Likewise, if charge state 310-b was initially stored,then it follows path 345. The final position of charge state 305-c andcharge state 310-c depend on a number of factors, including the specificsensing scheme and circuitry.

In some cases, the final charge may depend on the intrinsic capacitanceof the digit line connected to the memory cell. For example, if thecapacitor is electrically connected to the digit line and voltage 335 isapplied, the voltage of the digit line may rise due to its intrinsiccapacitance. So a voltage measured at a sense component may not equalvoltage 335 and instead may depend on the voltage of the digit line. Theposition of final charge states 305-c and 310-c on hysteresis curve300-b may thus depend on the capacitance of the digit line and may bedetermined through a load-line analysis—i.e., charge states 305-c and310-c may be defined with respect to the digit line capacitance. As aresult, the voltage of the capacitor, voltage 350 or voltage 355, may bedifferent and may depend on the initial state of the capacitor.

By comparing the digit line voltage to a reference voltage, the initialstate of the capacitor may be determined. The digit line voltage may bethe difference between voltage 335 and the final voltage across thecapacitor, voltage 350 or voltage 355—i.e., (voltage 335 —voltage 350)or (voltage 335—voltage 355). A reference voltage may be generated suchthat its magnitude is between the two possible voltages of the twopossible digit line voltages in order to determine the stored logicstate—i.e., if the digit line voltage is higher or lower than thereference voltage. For example, the reference voltage may be an averageof the two quantities, (voltage 335—voltage 350) and (voltage335—voltage 355). Upon comparison by the sense component, the senseddigit line voltage may be determined to be higher or lower than thereference voltage, and the stored logic value of the ferroelectricmemory cell (i.e., a logic 0 or 1) may be determined.

As discussed above, reading a memory cell that does not use aferroelectric capacitor may degrade or destroy the stored logic state. Aferroelectric memory cell, however, may maintain the initial logic stateafter a read operation. For example, if charge state 305-b is stored,the charge state may follow path 340 to charge state 305-c during a readoperation and, after removing voltage 335, the charge state may returnto initial charge state 305-b by following path 340 in the oppositedirection.

In some examples of ferroelectric memory arrays, a plate line may be acoupled to multiple lines of memory cells. In such configurations, diearea may be used more efficiently and allocated to additional memorycells. Various examples of plate line configurations are describedherein and access operations associated with those configurations isalso described herein.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example of first cross-section view of a memoryarray 400 that supports plate node configurations and operations for amemory array in accordance with various embodiments of the presentdisclosure. In the example of the memory array 100 described withreference to FIG. 1, the cross-section view of the memory array 400 maybe taken along line 4A-4A shown in FIG. 1. As such, the digit lines andthe plate lines of the memory array 400 extend into or extend out of thepage.

The memory array 400 may include a substrate 405, a first deck 410 ofmemory cells 420, and a second deck 415 of memory cells 420. The seconddeck 415 may be positioned between the substrate 405 and the first deck410. The memory array 400 may be an example of the memory array 100described with reference to FIG. 1. The first deck 410 and the seconddeck 415 may be examples of levels of memory cells described withreference to FIG. 1.

Each deck 410, 415 may include plurality of memory cells 420, digitlines 425, plate lines 430 and other components and access lines thatare not shown. The memory cells 420 may include a capacitor (not shown)and a selection component (not shown). In some examples, a word line(not shown) may extend perpendicular to the digit lines 425 and theplate lines 430. In some examples, depending on the array architecture,word lines may be connected to a selection component either placedbetween the memory cell 420 and digit line 425 or between memory cell420 and the plate line 430. The memory cells 420 may be examples of thememory cells 105 described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. In someexamples, the memory cells 420 are ferroelectric memory cells. In otherexamples, the memory cells 420 may be dielectric memory cells. Each deck410, 415 is shown as having four memory cells for illustrative purposesonly. A deck may include any number of memory cells and access lines.

Each memory cell 420 is coupled to a digit line 425 and a plate line430. Each digit line 425 may be coupled to multiple memory cells 420.Each plate line 430 may be coupled to multiple memory cells 420. Forexample, the digit line 425-a and the plate line 430-a may extendoutward from the plane of the page and couple to an additional memorycell adjacent to the memory cell 420-a. The digit line 425 may be anexample of the digit line 115 described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.The plate line 430 may be an example of the plate line 210 describedwith reference to FIG. 2.

The substrate 405 may be positioned below the decks 410, 415 of memorycells 420 and access lines (e.g., digit lines 425 and/or plate lines430). The substrate 405 may include components to support operations ofthe memory cells 420. For example, the substrate 405 may includedecoders, amplifiers, drivers, etc. A memory controller 140 may becoupled to the various components of the substrate 405 to performoperations on the memory cell 420. In the memory array 400 that includesmultiple decks of cells, connectors must pass through intervening layersof memory cells, access lines, or decks to reach certain components.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example of a second cross-section view of thememory array 400-a of FIG. 4A that supports plate node configurationsand operations for a memory array in accordance with embodiments of thepresent disclosure. The memory array 400-a of FIG. 4B may be an exampleof the memory array 400, albeit illustrated from a differentperspective. In the example of the memory array 100 described withreference to FIG. 1, the cross-section view of the memory array 400 maybe taken along line 4B-4B shown in FIG. 1. As such, the digit lines andthe plate lines of the memory array 400 extend horizontally across thepage. In some examples, word lines (not shown) may extend outward fromthe plane of the page and couple to respective selection components ofeach memory cell (not shown).

The memory array 400-a includes the substrate 405, a portion of thefirst deck 410, and a portion of the second deck 415. Specifically, thememory array 400-a depicts the memory cell 420-a from the first deck 410and memory cells 420-e from the second deck 415 and their associateddigit lines 425 and plate lines 430. While the digit lines 425-a, 425-eare illustrated as being coupled to two memory cells (420-a-1, 420-a-2and 420-e-1, 420-e-2), the digit lines 425 and the plate lines 430 maybe coupled to any number of memory cells 420. Two memory cells 420 areprovided for illustrative purposes only.

A contact 450 may couple the digit line 425-e to the substrate 405. Thecontact 450 may be configured to provide electronic communicationbetween the digit line 425-e and the support components positioned inthe substrate 405 (e.g., decoders, amplifiers, drivers, etc.). In someexamples, the contact 450 may be an example of a via. The contact 450may be positioned in the memory array 400-a without disrupting ordisturbing other components of the memory array 400-a (e.g., digit line425-a, plate line 430-a, or plate line 430-e).

A contact 455 may couple the plate line 430-e to the substrate 405. Thecontact 455 may be configured to provide electronic communicationbetween the plate line 430-e and the support components positioned inthe substrate 405 (e.g., decoders, amplifiers, drivers, etc.). In someexamples, the contact 455 may be an example of a via. In some examples,the contact 455 may pass through the digit line 425-e. In some examples,the digit line 425-e may be terminated to allow the contact 455 tocouple the substrate 405 to the plate line 430-e. In some examples, apattern of memory cells 420-e may be interrupted to discontinued toallow the contact 455 to pass through.

A contact 460 may couple the digit line 425-a to the substrate 405. Thecontact 460 may be configured to provide electronic communicationbetween the digit line 425-a and the support components positioned inthe substrate 405 (e.g., decoders, amplifiers, drivers, etc.). In someexamples, the contact 460 may be an example of a via. Like the contact455, in some examples, the contact 460 may pass through other componentsto reach the substrate 405. In some examples, the plate line 430-e, apattern of the memory cells 420-e, the digit line 425-e, or combinationsthereof may be terminated, interrupted, and/or discontinued to allow thecontact 460 to pass through.

A contact 465 may couple the plate line 430-a to the substrate 405. Thecontact 465 may be configured to provide electronic communicationbetween the plate line 430-a and the support components positioned inthe substrate 405 (e.g., decoders, amplifiers, drivers, etc.). In someexamples, the contact 465 may be an example of a via. Like the contacts455, 460, in some examples, the contact 465 may pass through othercomponents to reach the substrate 405. In some examples, a pattern ofmemory cells 420-a, the digit line 425-a, the plate line 430-e, apattern of the memory cells 420-e, the digit line 425-e, or combinationsthereof may be terminated, interrupted, and/or discontinued to allow thecontact 465 to pass through. In some instances, other conductive paths(not shown) may be configured to provide electronic communicationbetween the support components positioned in the substrate 405 andrespective digit lines 425 and/or plate lines 430. For example, theseother conductive paths may include contacts or vias to higher levelmetal connections and contacts or vias to silicon substrates (e.g.,digit lines 425 and/or plate lines 435 may be staggered to ensure thattopmost decks/levels are inside a footprint of layers positioned below,rather than extending outward beyond the footprint of layers positionedbelow.

The contacts 455, 460, 465 may cooperate with the substrate 405 to forma connector 470. In some examples, the connect 470 may be referred to asa socket or a substrate connector. To reduce disruptions to arrays ofmemory cells, contacts 455, 460, 465 may be located in groups. Suchgroupings may reduce the area of the memory array used to connect highercomponents and access lines to lower components and access lines. Insome examples, the connector 470 may refer to one of these groups. Insome examples, the connector 470 may refer to a portion 475 of thesubstrate 405 configured to receive contacts from high layers or decks.In some examples, the connector 470 may include the contacts 455, 460,465, other contacts, the portion 475 of the substrate 405, orcombinations thereof. The memory array 400 may include a plurality ofconnectors 470 based at least in part on the number of lines of memorycells in the memory array 400.

FIG. 4C illustrates an example of a circuit 480 that supports plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure. The circuit 480 includes anexample of a connector 485 that may be used in the memory array 400. Theconnector 485 may be configured to couple two cell stacks of componentsto the substrate 405. For example, the connector 485 may couple accesslines associated with memory cell 420-a, memory cell 420-b, memory cell420-e, and memory cell 420-f, to the substrate 405. As used herein,access lines may refer to digit lines, word lines, or plate lines. Thecircuit 480 illustrates a simplified circuit diagram of the memory array400. The connector 485 may be an example of the connector 470 describedwith reference to FIG. 4B.

The connector 485 may include a contact for the plate line 430-a, acontact for the digit line 425-a, a plate line 430-e, a contact for theplate line 430-b, a contact for the digit line 425-b, a contact for theplate line 430-f, or combinations thereof. The connector 485 may alsoinclude a portion 490 of the substrate 405. The connector 485 may definea size 495. The size 495 may indicate an amount of area of the memoryarray 400 used to couple the components and access lines of higherlayers decks to the substrate 405. In some examples, the size 495 may bea first dimension measure along a first axis. In some examples, the size495 may be a two-dimensional area. In some examples, the size 495 may bea three-dimensional volume. The memory array 400 may include a pluralityof connectors 485 based at least in part on the number of lines ofmemory cells in the memory array 400.

FIG. 5A illustrates an example of a memory array 500 that supports platenode configurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withvarious embodiments of the present disclosure. In the example of thememory array 100 described with reference to FIG. 1, the cross-sectionview of the memory array 500 may be taken along line 4A-4A shown inFIG. 1. As such, the digit lines and the plate lines of the memory array500 extend into or extend out of the page.

The memory array 500 may be an example of the memory array 400 describedwith reference to FIGS. 4A-4C. As such, full descriptions of at leastsome of the components of the memory array 500 are not repeated here.The memory array 500 may include a substrate 505, a first deck 510 ofmemory cells 520, and a second deck 515 of memory cells 520. The memorycells 520 may be coupled to digit lines 525 and plates 530, 535. Thesubstrate 505 may be an example of the substrate 405 described withreference to FIGS. 4A-4C. The decks 510, 515 of memory cells 520 may beexamples of the decks 410, 415 described with reference to FIGS. 4A-4B.The memory cells 520 may be examples of the memory cells 105 and memorycells 420 described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, 4A, and 4B. The digitlines 525 may be examples of the digit lines 115 and digit lines 425described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, 4A, and 4B.

The memory array 500 may include a first plate line 530 associated withthe first deck 510. The first plate line 530 may couple to multiplelines of memory cells (e.g., memory cells 520-a, 520-b, 520-c, 520-d).As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, a single plate line 430-a is coupled to asingle line of memory cells 420-a. In some examples, the single plateline 430-a is associated with a single digit line 425-a, where thememory cells 420-a coupled to the digit line 425-a are also coupled tothe plate line 430-a.

The first plate line 530 may be configured to bias a plurality of linesof memory cells 520. As such, the first plate line 530 may be associatedwith multiple digit lines (e.g., digit lines 525-a, 525-b, 525-c,525-d). In effect, there may be a one-to-many mapping of the first plateline 530 to the digit lines 525. In contrast, the memory array 400includes an individual plate line 430 for every individual digit line425. In effect, a one-to-one mapping of the plate lines 430 to the digitlines 425. In some examples, the first plate line 530 (and the secondplate line 535) may be formed as sheets of material that are coupled tomultiple rows or columns of memory cells 520. The plate lines 530 ,535may be formed of a conductive or metallic material using a variety ofmethods. The plate lines 530, 535 may be formed by deposition andpatterning (e.g., etching of conductive/metallic materials orcompounds).

The memory array 500 may include a second plate line 535 associated withthe second deck 515. The second plate line 535 may couple to multiplelines of memory cells (e.g., memory cells 520-e, 520-f, 520-g, 520-h).The second plate line 535 may be configured to bias a plurality of linesof memory cells 520. The second plate line 535 may be associated withmultiple digit lines (e.g., digit lines 525-e, 525-f, 525-g, 525-h). Ineffect, there is a one-to-many mapping of the second plate line 535 tothe digit lines 525. In contrast, the memory array 400 includes anindividual plate line 430 for every individual digit line 425. Ineffect, a one-to-one mapping of the plate lines 430 to the digit lines425.

The configurations of the first plate line 530 and the second plate line535 may reduce the number of contacts between plate lines and thesubstrate 505. For example, instead of a contact being positioned orformed for each individual plate line (e.g., plate line 430-a), a singlecontact may couple the first plate line 530 to the substrate 505. Inaddition, a single contact may couple the second plate line 535 to thesubstrate 505. A plate driver may be coupled to every plate line 530,535 in the memory array 500. The plate drivers may be coupled to theplate lines 530, 535 through the substrate 505 and the contact. Thearchitecture of the memory array 500 may reduce the number of platedrivers in the memory array 500. In some examples, the plate driver maybe positioned outside a footprint of the three-dimensional array offerroelectric memory cells. Additionally or alternatively, an accessline may be coupled to the plate driver and may extend from the platedriver to an edge of the footprint of the three-dimensional array. Insome examples, the configurations of the first plate line 530 and thesecond plate line 535 may reduce the amount of die area taken to connectthe plate lines of the decks 510, 515 to the substrate.

In some cases, a plate line (or plate node) may be coupled to memorycells 520 that are coupled to different digit lines 525. For example,plate line 530 may be coupled to memory cell 520-a and memory cell520-b, where memory cell 520-a is coupled to a digit line 525-adifferent from the digit line 525-b that is coupled to memory cell520-b. In some examples, a plate line (or plate node) may be coupled tomemory cells of a section of the memory array 500. In some examples, aplate line (or plate node) may be coupled to memory cells of a tile ofthe memory array 500. In some examples, a plate line (or plate node) maybe coupled to memory cells of a deck of the memory array 500 (e.g.,plate lines 530, 535).

FIG. 5B illustrates an example of a circuit 550 that supports plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure. The circuit 550 illustrates how asize of a connector 555 may be reduced (as compared to the connector485) based on the configuration of the plate lines 530, 535. Theconnector 555 may be configured to couple two cell stacks of componentsto the substrate 505. For example, the connector 555 may couple multipledigit lines 525 associated with the first deck 510 to the substrate 505.

The connector 555 may be exclusive of plate line contacts. Meaning, theconnector 555 may not include any contacts (or vias) that couple theplate lines 530, 535 to the substrate 505. Because the connector 555 maynot include any plate line contacts, the size 565 of the connector 555may be less than the size 495 of the connector 485.

The connector 555 may include a contact for the digit line 525-a and acontact for the digit line 525-b. The connector 555 may also include aportion 560 of the substrate 505. The size 565 may indicate an amount ofarea of the memory array 500 used to couple the components and accesslines of higher layers or decks to the substrate 505. In some examples,the size 565 may be a first dimension measure along a first axis. Insome examples, the size 565 may be a two-dimensional area. In someexamples, the size 565 may be a three-dimensional volume. In someexamples, the connector 555 may be an example of the connector 470 orthe connector 485 described with reference to FIGS. 4B and 4C. Thememory array 500 may include a plurality of connectors 555 based atleast in part on the number of lines of memory cells in the memory array500.

By reducing the number of contacts in the connector 555, the die areaoccupied by the connector 555 may be reduced. In some examples, this mayprovide additional die area to be occupied by additional memory cells orother components.

The plate lines 530, 535 may be coupled to the substrate at anotherlocation different from the connector 555. In some examples, a contact(not shown) may couple the first plate line 530 to the substrate 505.The contact may extend from the first plate line 530, beyond an edge ofa footprint of an array of memory cells, and couple to the substrate 505outside of that footprint. In some examples, the contact may bepositioned in the footprint of the array of memory cells, but at alocation different from the connector 555. In some examples, the contactbetween the first plate line 530 and the substrate 505 may be positionedwithin one of the connectors 555 of the memory array 500. As such, aconnector 555 that includes the contact between the first plate line 530and the substrate 505 may define a size larger than the size 565. Acontact (not shown) may couple the second plate line 535 to thesubstrate 505. Such a contact may be similarly embodied as the contactfor the first plate line 530 and a fully description of the features ofthe contact for the second plate line 535 is not repeated here. In someexamples, the plate driver may be positioned outside a footprint of thethree-dimensional array of ferroelectric memory cells. Additionally oralternatively, an access line may be coupled to the plate driver and mayextend from the plate driver to at least an edge of the footprint of thethree-dimensional array. In some examples, the plate driver may bepositioned within the footprint of the array of memory cells.

FIG. 6 illustrates examples of memory arrays 600, 640, 670 that supportsplate node configurations and operations for a memory array inaccordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Thememory array 600 includes a single plate line 630 associated with boththe first deck 610 and the second deck 615 of the memory array 600.

The plate line for the first deck 610 and the plate line for the seconddeck 615 may be coupled together by a contact 635. In some examples, thecontact 635 may be a portion of one continuous plate line 630. In someexamples, the contact 635 may be an example of a via extending betweentwo separate plate lines. In some examples, the contact 635 may be anexample of a shunt line extending between two separate plate lines.

A contact (not shown) may couple the plate line 630 to the substrate605. The contact may be an example of the contacts for the first plateline 530 and the second plate line 535 described with reference to FIG.5B. As such, a full description of the contact is not repeated here.

The memory array 600 may include a connector (not shown) for the digitlines 625. The connector may include contacts that pass through levelsthat may otherwise be occupied by other components, such as digit lines,memory cells, and plate lines.

The memory array 600 may be an example of the memory arrays 400 and/or500 described with reference to FIGS. 4-5. As such, full descriptions ofat least some of the components of the memory array 600 are not repeatedhere. The memory array 600 may include a substrate 605, a first deck 610of memory cells 620, and a second deck 615 of memory cells 620. Thememory cells 620 may be coupled to digit lines 625 and to a plate line630. The substrate 605 may be an example of the substrates 405 and/or505 described with reference to FIGS. 4-5. The decks 610, 615 of memorycells 620 may be examples of the decks 410, 415, 510, 515 described withreference to FIGS. 4-5. The memory cells 620 may be examples of thememory cells 105, 420, 520 described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, and4-5. The digit lines 625 may be examples of the digit lines 115, 425,525 described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, and 4-5.

The memory array 640 illustrates an example of a configuration for amemory array. The memory array 640 may include a single shared plateline 665 positioned between the first deck 645 and the second deck 650of memory cells 655. A contact (not shown) may couple the plate line 630to a substrate (not shown). The contact may be an example of thecontacts for the plate lines 530, 535, 530, 630 described with referenceto FIGS. 5-6. As such, a full description of the contact is not repeatedhere. The memory array 640 may include a connector (not shown) for thedigit lines 660. The connector may include contacts that pass throughlevels that may otherwise be occupied by other components, such as digitlines, memory cells, and plate lines.

The memory array 640 may be an example of the memory arrays 400, 500and/or 600 described with reference to FIGS. 4-6. The memory array 640may include a substrate (not shown), a first deck 645 of memory cells655, and a second deck 650 of memory cells 655. The memory cells 655 maybe coupled to digit lines 660 and to a plate line 665. The substrate maybe an example of the substrates 405, 505, and/or 605 described withreference to FIGS. 4-6. The decks 645, 650 of memory cells 655 may beexamples of the decks 410, 415, 510, 515, 610, 615 described withreference to FIGS. 4-6. The memory cells 655 may be examples of thememory cells 105, 420, 520, 620 described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2,and 4-6. The digit lines 660 may be examples of the digit lines 115,425, 525, and/or 625 described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, and 4-6.

The memory array 670 illustrates an example of a configuration for amemory array. The memory array 670 may include a single shared digitlines 690 positioned between the first deck 675 and the second deck 680of memory cells 685. A contact (not shown) may couple a plate line 695-ato a substrate (not shown). In some examples, the plate line 695-a iscoupled to the plate line 695-b to form a single plate associated withboth decks 675, 680. The contact may be an example of the contacts forthe plate lines 530, 535, 530, 630, 665 described with reference toFIGS. 5-6. As such, a full description of the contact(s) is not repeatedhere. The memory array 670 may include a connector (not shown) for thedigit lines 690. The connector may include contacts that pass throughlevels that may otherwise be occupied by other components, such as digitlines, memory cells, and plate lines.

The memory array 670 may be an example of the memory arrays 400, 500,600 and/or 640 described with reference to FIGS. 4-6. As such, fulldescriptions of at least some of the components of the memory array 670are not repeated here. The memory array 670 may include a substrate (notshown), a first deck 675 of memory cells 685, and a second deck 680 ofmemory cells 685. The memory cells 685 may be coupled to digit lines 690and to plate lines 695. The substrate may be an example of thesubstrates 405, 505, and/or 605 described with reference to FIGS. 4-6.The decks 675, 680 of memory cells 685 may be examples of the decks 410,415, 510, 515, 610, 615, 675, 650 described with reference to FIGS. 4-6.The memory cells 685 may be examples of the memory cells 105, 420, 520,620, 655 described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, and 4-6. The digitlines 690 may be examples of the digit lines 115, 425, 525, 625 and/or660 described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, and 4-6.

In other examples, other configurations of memory arrays arecontemplated. For example, the memory arrays 400, 500, 600 may flippedupside-down such that the plate lines are closest to the substrates ineach deck rather than the digit lines being closest to the substrates.Each of the memory arrays 500, 600, 640, 670, and/or otherconfigurations of memory arrays may include connectors that define asize that is less than the size 495.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a timing diagram 700 that supportsplate node configurations and operations for a memory array inaccordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Thetiming diagram 700 illustrates an access operation that may be performedon a memory cell that includes one the plate line configurationsdiscussed with reference to FIGS. 4-6. More specifically, the timingdiagram 700 illustrates a read operation performed on a selected memorycell of a memory array (e.g., memory cell 420, 520, 620, 655, 685). Theprinciples of the timing diagram 700 may be applied in the context of awrite operation.

At time t0, a memory controller 140 may initiate an access operation ona selected memory cell 105 coupled to a plate line (e.g., plate line430, 530, 630, 665, 695) and precondition the circuit. The memorycontroller 140 may select one or more memory cells coupled to the plateline. At time t0, the memory controller 140 may send a select signal 705from a zero voltage level V0 to a higher voltage level. In some examplesthe higher voltage level ranges between 2.9 volts and 3.3 volts, 3.0volts and 3.2 volts, or is about 3.1 volts. The select signal 705 may beassociated with selecting the selected memory cell.

Prior to initiating the access operation, the memory controller 140 maymaintain the plate line (as represented by plate signal 710) and thedigit line (as represented by digit line signal 715) at a non-zerovoltage during an idle period. As used herein, an idle period for aselected memory cell may refer to any time period that an accessoperation is not being performed on the selected memory cell. In someexamples, the memory controller 140 may apply a voltage to the plateline and the digit line to maintain them at a third voltage level V3. Insome examples, the plate signal 710 and the digit line signal 715 may bemaintained a third voltage level V3 greater than the zero voltage levelV0. In some examples, the plate signal 710 and the digit line signal 715may be maintained at a third voltage level V3 that is less than thehigher voltage level of the select signal 705. During the idle periods,the plate signal 710 is depicted as offset from the third voltage levelV3 for illustrative purposes only. The third voltage level V3 may beconfigured to bias the selected memory cell during an access operation(e.g., a read operation or a write operation).

At time t0, the memory controller 140 may cause the digit line signal715 to go from the third voltage level V3 to the zero voltage level V0.The memory controller 140 may discharge the digit line such that thedigit line signal 715 goes to the zero voltage level V0. The memorycontroller 140 may discharge the digit line in preparation for theselected memory cell to dump its charge onto the digit line.

At time t1, the memory controller 140 may begin developing the signalfrom the selected memory cell. At time t1, the memory controller 140 mayactivate a selection component (e.g., selection component 220) of theselected memory cell. By activating the selection component, a capacitorof the selected memory cell may be coupled to the digit line. In someexamples, the selection component is activated after the memorycontroller 140 determines that the digit line signal 715 has dropped tothe zero voltage level V0.

Depending on the logic state of the selected memory cell, the voltagelevel seen on the digit line may vary. For example, if the selectedmemory cell stores a logic ‘1’ as its logic state, the digit line mayraise to a higher voltage level than if the selected memory cell storesa logic ‘0’. Digit line signal 716 represents a voltage level of thedigit line when a logic ‘1’ is stored. Digit line signal 717 representsa voltage level of the digit line when a logic ‘0’ is stored.

At time t2, the memory controller 140 may isolate the selected memorycell from a ground or a virtual ground thereby causing the circuit ofthe memory cell to float. To accomplish this, the memory controller mayactivate or deactivate various switching components (not shown).

At time t3, the memory controller 140 may activate the sense component(e.g., sense component 125) to sense a logic state of the selectedmemory cell. To accomplish this, the memory controller 140 may activateor deactivate various switching components (not shown). In addition, attime t3 the memory controller 140 may cause the voltage level of theplate signal 710 to drop to a second voltage level V2 less than thethird voltage level V3. In some examples, the second voltage level V2may be configured to bias the selected memory cell during accessoperations. Using the sense component, the memory controller 140 mayidentify the logic state of the selected memory cell based on thevoltage level of the digit line (e.g., digit line signal 716 for a logic‘1’ or digit line signal 717 for a logic ‘0’). For example, the memorycontroller 140 may compare the digit line voltage level to a referencevoltage (e.g., voltage level V1). If the digit line signal 715 is higherthan the reference voltage V1 (e.g., digit line signal 716), the memorycontroller 140 may identify the logic state as a logic ‘1.’ If the digitline signal 715 is lower than the reference voltage V1 (e.g., digit linesignal 717), the memory controller 140 may identify the logic state as alogic ‘0.’

At time t4, the memory controller 140 may perform a sense portion of theread operation. The memory controller 140 may activate/deactivate anumber of switching components (not shown) at time t4. In some examples,the memory controller 140 may perform the sense portion based on theplate signal 710 dropping to the second voltage level V2. In someexamples, the digit line signals 716, 717 may rise to the second voltagelevel V2 at time t4.

At time t5, the memory controller 140 may complete the sensing portionof the read operation and initiate a write back portion of the readoperation. In some memory arrays, the act of reading a logic state of aselected memory cell alters the logic state of the selected memory cell.In such situations, a read operation of the selected memory cell mayinclude a write back portion where the sensed logic state is writtenback to the selected memory cell. At time t5, the memory controller 140may activate or deactivate a number of switching components (not shown).The precise timing of activating/deactivating these switching componentsmay be based on the logic state of the selected memory cell. Forexample, if the logic state of the selected memory cell was a logic ‘0,’at time t5 the memory controller 140 may cause the digit line signal 717to go from the second voltage level V2 to the zero voltage level V0. Attime t5, the memory controller 140 may also maintain the plate signal710 at the second voltage level V2, thereby biasing the selected memorycell to write a logic ‘0.’

At time t6, the memory controller 140 may ground or virtually ground theplate line such that the plate signal 710 drops to the zero voltagelevel V0. At time t6, the memory controller 140 may activate ordeactivate a number of switching components (not shown). In someexamples, grounding the plate may be based on completing the write backportion of a logic ‘0.’ In some examples, grounding the plate may beperformed prior to performing a write operation for a logic ‘1.’ Forexample, if the logic state of the selected memory cell was a logic ‘1,’at time t6 the memory controller 140 may drop the plate signal 710 tothe zero voltage level V0 form the second voltage level V2. At time t6,the memory controller 140 may also maintain the digit line signal 716 atthe second voltage level V2, thereby biasing the selected memory cell towrite a logic ‘1.’

At time t7, the memory controller 140 may complete the write backportions of the read operation. At time t7, the memory controller 140may ground or virtually ground the digit line. If the digit line carriesthe digit line signal 717 associated with a logic ‘0,’ such an actionmay not have much effect on the circuit. If the digit line carries thedigit line signal 716 associated with a logic ‘1,’ the digit line may gofrom a high voltage level (e.g., V2) to a zero voltage level V0.

At time t8, the memory controller 140 may complete the access operation.At time t8, the memory controller 140 may isolate the capacitor of theselected memory cell from the digit line by deactivating the selectioncomponent. The memory controller 140 may accomplish by causing the wordline signal 720 to drop to the zero voltage level V0. The memorycontroller 140 may also deselect the selected memory cell, therebycausing the select signal 705 to drop to the zero voltage level V0. Insome examples, the time t8 begins another idle period. In some examples,the memory controller 140 may deselect the memory cell based ondetermining that digit line is at the zero voltage level V0.

At time t8, the memory controller 140 may again apply a voltage to theplate and the digit line based on the access operation being complete.Applying the voltage may cause the digit line signal 715 and the platesignal 710 to raise from the zero voltage level V0 to the third voltagelevel V3 during the idle period between access operations. In such amanner, the memory controller 140 may maintain the digit line and theplate line at non-zero voltages between access operations performed onthe selected memory cell.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a circuit 800 that supports plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withvarious embodiments of the present disclosure. The circuit 800 may beconfigured to couple the digit lines 805 of unselected memory cells tothe plate line 820. The circuit 800 may be implemented in conjunctionwith any of the memory arrays 100, 400, 500, 600, 640, 670 describedwith reference to FIGS. 1-6. The plate line 820 may be an example of theplate lines 210, 430, 530, 535, 630, 665, 695 described with referenceto FIGS. 2-6. The digit lines 805 may be examples of the digit lines115, 425, 525, 625, 660, 690 described with reference to FIGS. 1-6.

In some instances, during an access operation, the plate line 820 maycapacitively couple to unselected digit lines 805. Such capacitivecoupling may induce transient voltages on the plate 820 or theunselected digit lines 805. The transient voltage may disturb the logicstate of the unselected memory cells coupled to the unselected digitlines 805. To mitigate the magnitude and the type of transient voltages,the digit lines 805 may be selectively coupled to the plate 820 by shuntlines and shunt switching components 825. A memory controller 140 mayactivate a shunt switching component 825-a via the select control line830-a.

During an access operation, one of the memory cells (not shown) in thecircuit 800 may be selected to perform an access operation. As part ofthe access operation, the digit line 805 associated with the selectedmemory cell may be coupled to the sense component 125-c. For example,digit line 805-a may be coupled to the sense amplifier using switchingcomponent 810-a. A memory controller 140 may activate the switchingcomponent 810-a via the select control line 815-a.

In some examples, the sense component 125-c may be coupled to a singlememory cell (memory cell associated with digit line 805-a), while theremaining memory cells (memory cells associated with digit lines 805-bthrough 805-h) are coupled to the plate 820. To achieve this result, thememory controller may activate a single switching component 810 (e.g.,switching component 810) and simultaneously activate seven other shuntswitching components 825 (e.g., shunt switching components 825-b through825-h). Such actions may reduce transient voltages induced on unselecteddigit lines.

In some examples, the memory controller 140 may be configured toequalize voltages of unselected digit lines 805 and the plate line 820.For example, before activating shunt switching components 825, thememory controller may identify a voltage level of the plate line 820 andapply the voltage level of the plate line 820 to the unselected digitlines 805. In some examples, capacitive coupling may be reduced byequalizing voltages of the unselected digit lines 805 with the plate 820without activating shunt switching components 825.

In some examples, the shunt switching components 825 may in a portion ofa substrate 405, 505, 605 below the array described with reference toFIGS. 4-6. The shunt switching components may be part of supportcomponents positioned in the substrate 405, 505, 605. In some examples,the shunt switching components 825 may be positioned proximal to an edgeof the array. In some examples, the shunt switching components 825 maybe coupled to digit lines and/or plate lines through connectors 470/485.

FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a memory array 905 that supportsplate node configurations and operations for a memory array inaccordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Memoryarray 905 may be referred to as an electronic memory apparatus, and maybe an example of a component of a memory controller 140 as describedwith reference to FIG. 1.

Memory array 905 may include one or more memory cells 910, a memorycontroller 915, a word line 920, a plate line 925, a reference component930, a sense component 935, a digit line 940, and a latch 945. Thesecomponents may be in electronic communication with each other and mayperform one or more of the functions described herein. In some cases,memory controller 915 may include biasing component 950 and timingcomponent 955.

Memory controller 915 may be in electronic communication with word line920, digit line 940, sense component 935, and plate line 925, which maybe examples of word line 110, digit line 115, sense component 125, andplate line 210 described with reference to FIGS. 1, and 2. Memory array905 may also include reference component 930 and latch 945. Thecomponents of memory array 905 may be in electronic communication witheach other and may perform portions of the functions described withreference to FIGS. 1 through 8. In some cases, reference component 930,sense component 935, and latch 945 may be components of memorycontroller 915.

In some examples, digit line 940 is in electronic communication withsense component 935 and a ferroelectric capacitor of ferroelectricmemory cells 910. A ferroelectric memory cell 910 may be writable with alogic state (e.g., a first or second logic state). Word line 920 may bein electronic communication with memory controller 915 and a selectioncomponent of ferroelectric memory cell 910. Plate line 925 may be inelectronic communication with memory controller 915 and a plate of theferroelectric capacitor of ferroelectric memory cell 910. Sensecomponent 935 may be in electronic communication with memory controller915, digit line 940, latch 945, and reference line 960. Referencecomponent 930 may be in electronic communication with memory controller915 and reference line 960. Sense control line 965 may be in electroniccommunication with sense component 935 and memory controller 915. Thesecomponents may also be in electronic communication with othercomponents, both inside and outside of memory array 905, in addition tocomponents not listed above, via other components, connections, orbusses.

Memory controller 915 may be configured to activate word line 920, plateline 925, or digit line 940 by applying voltages to those various nodes.For example, biasing component 950 may be configured to apply a voltageto operate memory cell 910 to read or write memory cell 910 as describedabove. In some cases, memory controller 915 may include a row decoder,column decoder, or both, as described with reference to FIG. 1. This mayenable memory controller 915 to access one or more memory cells 105.Biasing component 950 may also provide voltage potentials to referencecomponent 930 in order to generate a reference signal for sensecomponent 935. Additionally, biasing component 950 may provide voltagepotentials for the operation of sense component 935.

In some cases, memory controller 915 may perform its operations usingtiming component 955. For example, timing component 955 may control thetiming of the various word line selections or plate biasing, includingtiming for switching and voltage application to perform the memoryfunctions, such as reading and writing, discussed herein. In some cases,timing component 955 may control the operations of biasing component950.

Reference component 930 may include various components to generate areference signal for sense component 935. Reference component 930 mayinclude circuitry configured to produce a reference signal. In somecases, reference component 930 may be implemented using otherferroelectric memory cells 105. Sense component 935 may compare a signalfrom memory cell 910 (through digit line 940) with a reference signalfrom reference component 930. Upon determining the logic state, thesense component may then store the output in latch 945, where it may beused in accordance with the operations of an electronic device thatmemory array 905 is a part. Sense component 935 may include a senseamplifier in electronic communication with the latch and theferroelectric memory cell.

Memory controller 915 may be an example of portions of the memorycontroller 1115 described with reference to FIG. 11. Memory controller915 and/or at least some of its various sub-components may beimplemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, orany combination thereof If implemented in software executed by aprocessor, the functions of the memory controller 915 and/or at leastsome of its various sub-components may be executed by a general-purposeprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), an field-programmable gate array (FPGA) orother programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic,discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed toperform the functions described in the present disclosure. The memorycontroller 915 and/or at least some of its various sub-components may bephysically located at various positions, including being distributedsuch that portions of functions are implemented at different physicallocations by one or more physical devices. In some examples, memorycontroller 915 and/or at least some of its various sub-components may bea separate and distinct component in accordance with various embodimentsof the present disclosure. In other examples, memory controller 915and/or at least some of its various sub-components may be combined withone or more other hardware components, including but not limited to anI/O component, a transceiver, a network server, another computingdevice, one or more other components described in the presentdisclosure, or a combination thereof in accordance with variousembodiments of the present disclosure.

Memory controller 915 may apply a first voltage to a plate and an accessline that are each coupled to a ferroelectric memory cell during a timeperiod preceding an access operation for the ferroelectric memory cell,select the ferroelectric memory cell for the access operation via asecond access line that is coupled to the ferroelectric memory cell, anddischarge the access line based on selecting the ferroelectric memorycell for the access operation. In some examples, the memory controller915 may couple the plate line 925 to unselected digit lines associatedwith the plate line 925. In some cases, the memory controller 915 mayactivate a plurality of shunt switching components coupled to the plateline 925 and the unselected digit lines. In some cases, the memorycontroller 915 may identify a voltage level of the plate line 925. Insome cases, the memory controller 915 may apply the voltage level of theplate line 925 to the unselected digit lines while the plate line 925 iscoupled to the unselected digit lines.

In some cases, the memory array 905 may include various means foroperating the memory array 905. For example, the memory array 905 and/orthe memory controller 915 may include means for performing the functionsdescribed above with reference to FIG. 10.

The memory array 905 may include means for applying a first voltage to aplate and an access line that are each coupled to a ferroelectric memorycell during a time period preceding an access operation for theferroelectric memory cell, means for selecting the ferroelectric memorycell for the access operation via a second access line that is coupledto the ferroelectric memory cell, and means for discharging the accessline based at least in part on selecting the ferroelectric memory cellfor the access operation.

Some examples of the memory array 905 described above may furtherinclude processes, features, means, or instructions for maintaining thefirst voltage on the plate while the access line may be discharged. Someexamples of the memory array 905 described above may further includeprocesses, features, means, or instructions for activating a selectioncomponent of the ferroelectric memory cell based at least in part on theferroelectric memory cell being selected and the access line beingdischarged.

Some examples of the memory array 905 described above may furtherinclude processes, features, means, or instructions for discharging aferroelectric capacitor of the ferroelectric memory cell onto the accessline as part of the access operation based at least in part on theaccess line being discharged. Some examples of the memory array 905described above may further include processes, features, means, orinstructions for discharging the plate from the first voltage to asecond voltage less than the first voltage based at least in part onactivating a sense component coupled to the access line.

Some examples of the memory array 905 described above may furtherinclude processes, features, means, or instructions for sensing a secondvoltage on the access line as part of the access operation based atleast in part on activating a sense component coupled to the accessline, the second voltage associated with a charge of the ferroelectricmemory cell.

Some examples of the memory array 905 described above may furtherinclude processes, features, means, or instructions for coupling theplate to unselected access lines associated with the plate. In someexamples of the memory array 905 described above, coupling the platefurther comprises: activating a plurality of shunt switching componentscoupled to the plate and the unselected access lines.

Some examples of the memory array 905 described above may furtherinclude processes, features, means, or instructions for identifying avoltage level of the plate. Some examples of the method and apparatusdescribed above may further include processes, features, means, orinstructions for applying the voltage level of the plate to theunselected access lines while the plate may be coupled to the unselectedaccess lines.

Some examples of the memory array 905 described above may furtherinclude processes, features, means, or instructions for discharging theplate during a write back portion of the access operation. Some examplesof the memory array 905 described above may further include processes,features, means, or instructions for applying the first voltage to theplate and the access line based at least in part on the access operationbeing complete. In some examples of the memory array 905 describedabove, the plate and the access line may be maintained at a non-zerovoltage between access operations performed on the ferroelectric memorycell.

FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a memory controller 1015 thatsupports plate node configurations and operations for a memory array inaccordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Thememory controller 1015 may be an example of portions of a memorycontroller 140, 915, or 1115 described with reference to FIGS. 1, 9, and11. The memory controller 1015 may include biasing component 1020,timing component 1025, idle period manager 1030, access operationmanager 1035, discharge manager 1040, sense manager 1045, and shuntmanager 1050. Each of these modules may communicate, directly orindirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

Idle period manager 1030 may apply a first voltage to a plate node and adigit line that are each coupled to a ferroelectric memory cell during atime period preceding an access operation for the ferroelectric memorycell and apply the first voltage to the plate node and the digit linebased on the access operation being complete. In some cases, the platenode and the digit line are maintained at a non-zero voltage betweenaccess operations performed on the ferroelectric memory cell.

Access operation manager 1035 may select the ferroelectric memory cellfor the access operation via a word line that is coupled to theferroelectric memory cell, activate a selection component of theferroelectric memory cell based on the ferroelectric memory cell beingselected and the digit line being discharged, and discharge the platenode from the first voltage to a second voltage less than the firstvoltage based on activating a sense component coupled to the digit line.

Discharge manager 1040 may discharge the digit line based on selectingthe ferroelectric memory cell for the access operation, maintain thefirst voltage on the plate node while the digit line is discharged, anddischarge the plate node during a write back portion of the accessoperation.

Sense manager 1045 may discharge a ferroelectric capacitor of theferroelectric memory cell onto the digit line as part of the accessoperation based on the digit line being discharged and sense a secondvoltage on the digit line as part of the access operation based onactivating a sense component coupled to the digit line, the secondvoltage associated with a charge of the ferroelectric memory cell.

Shunt manager 1050 may couple the plate node to unselected digit linesassociated with the plate node, identify a voltage level of the platenode, and apply the voltage level of the plate node to the unselecteddigit lines while the plate node is coupled to the unselected digitlines. In some cases, coupling the plate node further includes:activating a set of shunt switching components coupled to the plate nodeand the unselected digit lines.

FIG. 11 shows a diagram of a system 1100 including a device 1105 thatsupports plate node configurations and operations for a memory array inaccordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Device1105 may be an example of or include the components of memory controller140 or memory controller 915 as described above, e.g., with reference toFIGS. 1 and 9. Device 1105 may include components for bi-directionalvoice and data communications including components for transmitting andreceiving communications, including memory controller 1115, memory cells1120, basic input/output system (BIOS) component 1125, processor 1130,I/O controller 1135, and peripheral components 1140. These componentsmay be in electronic communication via one or more busses (e.g., bus1110).

Memory controller 1115 may operate one or more memory cells as describedherein. Specifically, memory controller 1115 may be configured tosupport plate configurations and operations for a memory array. In somecases, memory controller 1115 may include a row decoder, column decoder,or both, as described with reference to FIG. 1 (not shown). Memory cells1120 may store information (i.e., in the form of a logic state) asdescribed herein.

BIOS component 1125 be a software component that includes BIOS operatedas firmware, which may initialize and run various hardware components.BIOS component 1125 may also manage data flow between a processor andvarious other components, e.g., peripheral components, input/outputcontrol component, etc. BIOS component 1125 may include a program orsoftware stored in read only memory (ROM), flash memory, or any othernon-volatile memory.

Processor 1130 may include an intelligent hardware device, (e.g., ageneral-purpose processor, a DSP, a central processing unit (CPU), amicrocontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, adiscrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardwarecomponent, or any combination thereof). In some cases, processor 1130may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller.In other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into processor1130. Processor 1130 may be configured to execute computer-readableinstructions stored in a memory to perform various functions (e.g.,functions or tasks supporting plate configurations and operations for amemory array).

I/O controller 1135 may manage input and output signals for device 1105.I/O controller 1135 may also manage peripherals not integrated intodevice 1105. In some cases, I/O controller 1135 may represent a physicalconnection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, I/Ocontroller 1135 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®,MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS/2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operatingsystem. In other cases, I/O controller 1135 may represent or interactwith a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device.In some cases, I/O controller 1135 may be implemented as part of aprocessor. In some cases, a user may interact with device 1105 via I/Ocontroller 1135 or via hardware components controlled by I/O controller1135.

Peripheral components 1140 may include any input or output device, or aninterface for such devices. Examples may include disk controllers, soundcontroller, graphics controller, Ethernet controller, modem, universalserial bus (USB) controller, a serial or parallel port, or peripheralcard slots, such as peripheral component interconnect (PCI) oraccelerated graphics port (AGP) slots.

FIG. 12 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1200 for plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withvarious embodiments of the present disclosure. The operations of method1200 may be implemented by a memory controller 915 or its components asdescribed herein. For example, the operations of method 1200 may beperformed by a memory controller as described with reference to FIGS. 9through 11. In some examples, a memory controller 915 may execute a setof codes to control the functional elements of the device to perform thefunctions described below. Additionally or alternatively, the memorycontroller 915 may perform portions of the functions described belowusing special-purpose hardware.

At block 1205, the memory controller 915 may apply a first voltage to aplate node and a digit line that are each coupled to a ferroelectricmemory cell during a time period preceding an access operation for theferroelectric memory cell. The operations of block 1205 may be performedaccording to the methods described with reference to FIGS. 1-13. Incertain examples, portions of the operations of block 1205 may beperformed by an idle period manager as described with reference to FIGS.9 through 11.

At block 1210, the memory controller 915 may select the ferroelectricmemory cell for the access operation via a word line that is coupled tothe ferroelectric memory cell. The operations of block 1210 may beperformed according to the methods described with reference to FIGS.1-13. In certain examples, portions of the operations of block 1210 maybe performed by an access operation manager as described with referenceto FIGS. 9 through 11.

At block 1215, the memory controller 915 may discharge the digit linebased at least in part on selecting the ferroelectric memory cell forthe access operation. The operations of block 1215 may be performedaccording to the methods described with reference to FIGS. 1-13. Incertain examples, portions of the operations of block 1215 may beperformed by a discharge manager as described with reference to FIGS. 9through 11.

In some cases, the method may also include applying a first voltage to aplate node and digit line that are each coupled to a ferroelectricmemory cell during a time period preceding an access operation for theferroelectric memory cell. In some cases, the plate and the digit lineare maintained at a non-zero voltage between access operations performedon the ferroelectric memory cell. In some cases, the method may alsoinclude discharging the digit line based at least in part on selectingthe ferroelectric memory cell for the access operation. In some cases,the method may also include maintaining the first voltage on the platenode while the digit line is discharged. In some cases, the method mayalso include activating a selection component of the ferroelectricmemory cell based at least in part on the ferroelectric memory cellbeing selected and the digit line being discharged. In some cases, themethod may also include discharging a ferroelectric capacitor of theferroelectric memory cell onto the digit line as part of the accessoperation based at least in part on the digit line being discharged.

In some cases, the method may also include discharging the plate nodefrom the first voltage to a second voltage less than the first voltagebased at least in part on activating a sense component coupled to thedigit line. In some cases, the method may also include selecting theferroelectric memory cell for the access operation via a word line thatis coupled to the ferroelectric memory cell. In some cases, the methodmay also include coupling the plate node to unselected digit linesassociated with the plate node. In some cases, coupling the plate nodefurther comprises: activating a plurality of shunt switching componentscoupled to the plate node and the unselected digit lines. In some cases,the method may also include identifying a voltage level of the platenode. In some cases, the method may also include applying the voltagelevel of the plate node to the unselected digit lines while the platenode is coupled to the unselected digit lines.

In some cases, the method may also include discharging the plate nodeduring a write back portion of the access operation. In some cases, themethod may also include applying the first voltage to the plate node andthe digit line based at least in part on the access operation beingcomplete. In some cases, the method may also include sensing a secondvoltage on the digit line as part of the access operation based at leastin part on activating a sense component coupled to the digit line, thesecond voltage associated with a charge of the ferroelectric memorycell.

FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1300 for plate nodeconfigurations and operations for a memory array in accordance withvarious embodiments of the present disclosure. The operations of method1300 may be implemented by a memory controller 915 or its components asdescribed herein. For example, the operations of method 1300 may beperformed by a memory controller as described with reference to FIGS. 9through 11. In some examples, a memory controller 915 may execute a setof codes to control the functional elements of the device to perform thefunctions described below. Additionally or alternatively, the memorycontroller 915 may perform portions of the functions described belowusing special-purpose hardware.

At block 1305, the memory controller 915 may apply a first voltage to aplate node and a digit line that are each coupled to a ferroelectricmemory cell during a time period preceding an access operation for theferroelectric memory cell. The operations of block 1305 may be performedaccording to the methods described with reference to FIGS. 1-13. Incertain examples, portions of the operations of block 1305 may beperformed by an idle period manager as described with reference to FIGS.9 through 11.

At block 1310, the memory controller 915 may select the ferroelectricmemory cell for the access operation via a word line that is coupled tothe ferroelectric memory cell. The operations of block 1310 may beperformed according to the methods described with reference to FIGS.1-13. In certain examples, portions of the operations of block 1310 maybe performed by an access operation manager as described with referenceto FIGS. 9 through 11.

At block 1315, the memory controller 915 may couple the plate node tounselected digit lines associated with the plate node. The operations ofblock 1315 may be performed according to the methods described withreference to FIGS. 1-13. In certain examples, portions of the operationsof block 1315 may be performed by an access operation manager asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 9 through 11.

At block 1320, the memory controller 915 may discharge the digit linebased at least in part on selecting the ferroelectric memory cell forthe access operation. The operations of block 1320 may be performedaccording to the methods described with reference to FIGS. 1-13. Incertain examples, portions of the operations of block 1320 may beperformed by a discharge manager as described with reference to FIGS. 9through 11.

At block 1325, the memory controller 915 may apply the first voltage tothe plate node and the digit line based at least in part on the accessoperation being complete. The operations of block 1325 may be performedaccording to the methods described with reference to FIGS. 1-13. Incertain examples, portions of the operations of block 1325 may beperformed by an idle period manager as described with reference to FIGS.9 through 11.

An apparatus is described. The apparatus may include means for applyinga first voltage to a plate node and a digit line that are each coupledto a ferroelectric memory cell during a time period preceding an accessoperation for the ferroelectric memory cell, means for selecting theferroelectric memory cell for the access operation via a word line thatis coupled to the ferroelectric memory cell, and means for dischargingthe digit line based at least in part on selecting the ferroelectricmemory cell for the access operation.

Some examples may further include means for coupling the plate node tounselected digit lines associated with the plate node. Some examples mayfurther include means for maintaining the first voltage on the platenode while the digit line may be discharged. Some examples may furtherinclude means for activating a selection component of the ferroelectricmemory cell based at least in part on the ferroelectric memory cellbeing selected and the digit line being discharged. Some examples mayfurther include means for discharging a ferroelectric capacitor of theferroelectric memory cell onto the digit line as part of the accessoperation based at least in part on the digit line being discharged.

Some examples may further include means for discharging the plate nodefrom the first voltage to a second voltage less than the first voltagebased at least in part on activating a sense component coupled to thedigit line. Some examples may further include means for sensing a secondvoltage on the digit line as part of the access operation based at leastin part on activating a sense component coupled to the digit line, thesecond voltage associated with a charge of the ferroelectric memorycell.

In some examples, coupling the plate node further comprises means foractivating a plurality of shunt switching components coupled to theplate node and the unselected digit lines. Some examples may furtherinclude means for identifying a voltage level of the plate node. Someexamples may further include means for applying the voltage level of theplate node to the unselected digit lines while the plate node may becoupled to the unselected digit lines. Some examples may further includemeans for discharging the plate node during a write back portion of theaccess operation.

Some examples may further include means for applying the first voltageto the plate node and the digit line based at least in part on theaccess operation being complete. In some examples, the plate node andthe digit line may be maintained at a non-zero voltage between accessoperations performed on the ferroelectric memory cell.

It should be noted that the methods described above describe possibleimplementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearrangedor otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.Furthermore, embodiments from two or more of the methods may becombined.

Information and signals described herein may be represented using any ofa variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data,instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chipsthat may be referenced throughout the above description may berepresented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magneticfields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combinationthereof. Some drawings may illustrate signals as a single signal;however, it will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the artthat the signal may represent a bus of signals, where the bus may have avariety of bit widths.

As used herein, the term “virtual ground” refers to a node of anelectrical circuit that is held at a voltage of approximately zero volts(0V) but that is not directly connected with ground. Accordingly, thevoltage of a virtual ground may temporarily fluctuate and return toapproximately 0V at steady state. A virtual ground may be implementedusing various electronic circuit elements, such as a voltage dividerconsisting of operational amplifiers and resistors. Otherimplementations are also possible. “Virtual grounding” or “virtuallygrounded” means connected to approximately 0V.

The term “electronic communication” and “coupled” refer to arelationship between components that support electron flow between thecomponents. This may include a direct connection between components ormay include intermediate components. Components in electroniccommunication or coupled to one another may be actively exchangingelectrons or signals (e.g., in an energized circuit) or may not beactively exchanging electrons or signals (e.g., in a de-energizedcircuit) but may be configured to and operable to exchange electrons orsignals upon a circuit being energized. By way of example, twocomponents physically connected via a switch (e.g., a transistor) are inelectronic communication or may be coupled regardless of the state ofthe switch (i.e., open or closed).

As used herein, the term “substantially” means that the modifiedcharacteristic (e.g., a verb or adjective modified by the termsubstantially) need not be absolute but is close enough so as to achievethe advantages of the characteristic.

As used herein, the term “electrode” may refer to an electricalconductor, and in some cases, may be employed as an electrical contactto a memory cell or other component of a memory array. An electrode mayinclude a trace, wire, conductive line, conductive layer, or the likethat provides a conductive path between elements or components of memoryarray 100.

The term “isolated” refers to a relationship between components in whichelectrons are not presently capable of flowing between them; componentsare isolated from each other if there is an open circuit between them.For example, two components physically connected by a switch may beisolated from each other when the switch is open.

As used herein, the term “shorting” refers to a relationship betweencomponents in which a conductive path is established between thecomponents via the activation of a single intermediary component betweenthe two components in question. For example, a first component shortedto a second component may exchange electrons with the second componentwhen a switch between the two components is closed. Thus, shorting maybe a dynamic operation that enables the flow of charge betweencomponents (or lines) that are in electronic communication.

The devices discussed herein, including memory array 100, may be formedon a semiconductor substrate, such as silicon, germanium,silicon-germanium alloy, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, etc. In somecases, the substrate is a semiconductor wafer. In other cases, thesubstrate may be a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, such assilicon-on-glass (SOG) or silicon-on-sapphire (SOP), or epitaxial layersof semiconductor materials on another substrate. The conductivity of thesubstrate, or sub-regions of the substrate, may be controlled throughdoping using various chemical species including, but not limited to,phosphorous, boron, or arsenic. Doping may be performed during theinitial formation or growth of the substrate, by ion-implantation, or byany other doping means.

A transistor or transistors discussed herein may represent afield-effect transistor (FET) and comprise a three terminal deviceincluding a source, drain, and gate. The terminals may be connected toother electronic elements through conductive materials, e.g., metals.The source and drain may be conductive and may comprise a heavily-doped,e.g., degenerate, semiconductor region. The source and drain may beseparated by a lightly-doped semiconductor region or channel. If thechannel is n-type (i.e., majority carriers are electrons), then the FETmay be referred to as a n-type FET. If the channel is p-type (i.e.,majority carriers are holes), then the FET may be referred to as ap-type FET. The channel may be capped by an insulating gate oxide. Thechannel conductivity may be controlled by applying a voltage to thegate. For example, applying a positive voltage or negative voltage to ann-type FET or a p-type FET, respectively, may result in the channelbecoming conductive. A transistor may be “on” or “activated” when avoltage greater than or equal to the transistor's threshold voltage isapplied to the transistor gate. The transistor may be “off” or“deactivated” when a voltage less than the transistor's thresholdvoltage is applied to the transistor gate.

The description set forth herein, in connection with the appendeddrawings, describes example configurations and does not represent allthe examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of theclaims. The term “exemplary” used herein means “serving as an example,instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or “advantageous overother examples.” The detailed description includes specific details forthe purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques.These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specificdetails. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are shownin block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of thedescribed examples.

In the appended figures, similar components or features may have thesame reference label. Further, various components of the same type maybe distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a secondlabel that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the firstreference label is used in the specification, the description isapplicable to any one of the similar components having the same firstreference label irrespective of the second reference label.

Information and signals described herein may be represented using any ofa variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data,instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chipsthat may be referenced throughout the above description may berepresented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magneticfields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combinationthereof.

The various illustrative blocks and modules described in connection withthe disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with ageneral-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmablelogic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functionsdescribed herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor,but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor,controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also beimplemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combinationof a digital signal processor (DSP) and a microprocessor, multiplemicroprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSPcore, or any other such configuration).

The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, softwareexecuted by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof Ifimplemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may bestored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on acomputer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are withinthe scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to thenature of software, functions described above can be implemented usingsoftware executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, orcombinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may alsobe physically located at various positions, including being distributedsuch that portions of functions are implemented at different physicallocations. Also, as used herein, including in the claims, “or” as usedin a list of items (for example, a list of items prefaced by a phrasesuch as “at least one of” or “one or more of”) indicates an inclusivelist such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C meansA or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, asused herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a referenceto a closed set of conditions. For example, an exemplary step that isdescribed as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition Aand a condition B without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shallbe construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in parton.”

Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storagemedia and communication media including any medium that facilitatestransfer of a computer program from one place to another. Anon-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that can beaccessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way ofexample, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media cancomprise RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable read only memory(EEPROM), compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magneticdisk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any othernon-transitory medium that can be used to carry or store desired programcode means in the form of instructions or data structures and that canbe accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or ageneral-purpose or special-purpose processor.

Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. Forexample, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or otherremote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair,digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such asinfrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber opticcable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wirelesstechnologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in thedefinition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laserdisc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk andBlu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, whilediscs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the aboveare also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

The description herein is provided to enable a person skilled in the artto make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosurewill be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the genericprinciples defined herein may be applied to other variations withoutdeparting from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is notlimited to the examples and designs described herein, but is to beaccorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novelfeatures disclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic memory apparatus, comprising: athree-dimensional array of ferroelectric memory cells having a firstdeck of ferroelectric memory cells and a second deck of ferroelectricmemory cells; a plate node coupled to a first ferroelectric memory cellcoupled to a first digit line and a second ferroelectric memory cellcoupled to a second digit line different from the first digit line; anda plate driver coupled to the plate node, the plate driver operable toadjust a voltage of the plate node.
 2. The electronic memory apparatusof claim 1, wherein: the plate node is coupled to the first deck offerroelectric memory cells and the second deck of ferroelectric memorycells.
 3. The electronic memory apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the platenode comprises a sheet coupled to multiple rows or multiple columns offerroelectric memory cells of the first deck and to multiple rows ormultiple columns of ferroelectric memory cells of the second deck in thethree-dimensional array.
 4. The electronic memory apparatus of claim 1,wherein: the plate driver is positioned outside a footprint of thethree-dimensional array of ferroelectric memory cells.
 5. The electronicmemory apparatus of claim 4, further comprising: an access line coupledto the plate driver, the access line extending from the plate driver toat least an edge of the footprint of the three-dimensional array.
 6. Theelectronic memory apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plate nodecomprises: a first portion coupled to the first deck of ferroelectricmemory cells; and a second portion coupled to the second deck offerroelectric memory cells.
 7. The electronic memory apparatus of claim6, wherein: the second portion of the plate node is coupled to the firstportion of the plate node through a via structure between the first deckand the second deck.
 8. The electronic memory apparatus of claim 1,further comprising: a connector associated with two ferroelectric memorycells of the first deck and two ferroelectric memory cells of the seconddeck, the connector configured to couple the associated ferroelectricmemory cells to one or more digit lines.
 9. The electronic memoryapparatus of claim 8, wherein the connector further comprises: a firstconnection coupling the first ferroelectric memory cell of the firstdeck to the first digit line; and a second connection coupling thesecond ferroelectric memory cell of the first deck to the second digitline.
 10. The electronic memory apparatus of claim 8, wherein: theconnector is exclusive of a connection coupling the plate node to theassociated ferroelectric memory cells.
 11. The electronic memoryapparatus of claim 8, wherein: the two ferroelectric memory cells of thesecond deck are coupled to respective digit lines independent of theconnector.
 12. The electronic memory apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising: a plurality switching components coupled to a sensecomponent and a plurality of digit lines, each switching componentcoupled to a respective digit line of the plurality of digit lines, eachswitching component configured to selectively couple the respectivedigit line to the sense component based at least in part on an accessoperation being performed using the respective digit line.
 13. Theelectronic memory apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a pluralityof shunt switching components coupled to the plate node and a pluralityof digit lines, each shunt switching component coupled to a respectivedigit line of the plurality of digit lines, each shunt switchingcomponent configured to selectively couple the respective digit line tothe plate node based at least in part on an access operation not beingperformed using the respective digit line.
 14. The electronic memoryapparatus of claim 13, wherein: the shunt switching components are in aportion of a substrate below the array.
 15. A method, comprising:applying a first voltage to a plate node and a digit line that are eachcoupled to a ferroelectric memory cell during a time period preceding anaccess operation for the ferroelectric memory cell; selecting theferroelectric memory cell for the access operation via a word line thatis coupled to the ferroelectric memory cell; and discharging the digitline based at least in part on selecting the ferroelectric memory cellfor the access operation.
 16. The method of claim 15, furthercomprising: coupling the plate node to unselected digit lines associatedwith the plate node.
 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising:maintaining the first voltage on the plate node while the digit line isdischarged.
 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: activating aselection component of the ferroelectric memory cell based at least inpart on the ferroelectric memory cell being selected and the digit linebeing discharged.
 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising:discharging a ferroelectric capacitor of the ferroelectric memory cellonto the digit line as part of the access operation based at least inpart on the digit line being discharged.
 20. The method of claim 15,further comprising: discharging the plate node from the first voltage toa second voltage less than the first voltage based at least in part onactivating a sense component coupled to the digit line.
 21. The methodof claim 15, further comprising: sensing a second voltage on the digitline as part of the access operation based at least in part onactivating a sense component coupled to the digit line, the secondvoltage associated with a charge of the ferroelectric memory cell. 22.The method of claim 15, wherein: coupling the plate node furthercomprises: activating a plurality of shunt switching components coupledto the plate node and the unselected digit lines.
 23. The method ofclaim 15, further comprising: identifying a voltage level of the platenode; and applying the voltage level of the plate node to the unselecteddigit lines while the plate node is coupled to the unselected digitlines.
 24. The method of claim 15, further comprising: discharging theplate node during a write back portion of the access operation.
 25. Themethod of claim 15, further comprising: applying the first voltage tothe plate node and the digit line based at least in part on the accessoperation being complete.
 26. The method of claim 15, wherein: the platenode and the digit line are maintained at a non-zero voltage betweenaccess operations performed on the ferroelectric memory cell.
 27. Anapparatus comprising: an array of ferroelectric memory cells having afirst deck of ferroelectric memory cells, a second deck of ferroelectricmemory cells, and a plate node coupled to a first ferroelectric memorycell coupled to a first digit line and a second ferroelectric memorycell coupled to a second digit line different from the first digit line;and a controller in electronic communication of the array, wherein thecontroller is operable to: apply a first voltage to the plate node and adigit line as part of an idle period prior to performing an accessoperation; couple the plate node to unselected digit lines associatedwith the plate node; select a ferroelectric memory cell from the arrayof ferroelectric memory cells as part of a read operation, the selectedferroelectric memory cell coupled to the plate node and the digit line;and discharge the digit line based at least in part on selecting theferroelectric memory cell for the access operation.